If your palms start to sweat, your legs turn to jelly, and you start to feel faint just at the thought of speaking to an audience, help is at hand!

“Going peripheral” – a technique from “Performing in The Zone”, can help you to feel calm, in control, and confident when you are speaking in public.

Be careful though, you might end up enjoying public speaking engagements

So, let’s go straight to it. “Going Peripheral”. What is it? And how can it help you to feel calm, in control, and confident when speaking in public, or performing in other situations?

Here’s an extract based on a section of “Performing in The Zone”:

Have you ever seen one of those nature documentaries, and noticed what happens when an animal gets startled?  The eyes widen, the fur sticks up on end, the animal freezes for a second, and then disappears into the night.

Converted into human terms, you might say that in a stressful situation such as immediately prior to a public speaking engagement, your eyes may widen, your palms start to sweat, you may freeze for a second, you may feel like you want to run off into the night, but you know that you can’t and instead have to stay in that stressful situation, and give that speech.

Eyes and vision

Your eyes, or rather, the external and internal muscles controlling their movement and appearance, can display a vast range of emotions, easily interpreted by other people as well as animals.  You know if someone is genuinely happy not by how wide their smile is, but if their eyes are ‘smiling’ too.

Similarly you can see if someone is experiencing an extreme level of performance arousal, positive or negative, by looking at their eyes and the muscles around them.

How your eyes function and indeed what you see and how you interpret what you see is different when experiencing a high level of performance arousal (+5 or -5), compared to when performance arousal is low (+1 or -1), or non-existent (0).  This ocular reflex is controlled by the Autonomous Nervous System, mentioned earlier, but can also come under our conscious control. (more about performance arousal and your Autonomous Nervous System in “Performing in The Zone”)

Tunnel vision

When your Sympathetic Nervous System is highly active, for example when experiencing the ‘Fight or Flight’ response, you can experience a sort of tunnel vision.  In this state, your eyes make swift, jerky movements as a natural way of looking for ‘the enemy’.  When this happens, objects directly in front of you are perceived as more prominent, whilst objects to the side of your main focus, and out in the periphery are often not registered.

Applying the brakes

If you are in a situation where you need to reduce the amount of performance arousal you are experiencing, or counter the effects of anxiety, taking conscious control over your eyes can help.  By using the technique of Going Peripheral, you can lessen the activation of your Sympathetic Nervous System (the accelerator pedal), and trigger your Parasympathetic Nervous System (the brakes), creating a calming effect on your body and mind.

To Go Peripheral, simply follow these steps:

1. Look straight ahead.
2. Relax your eyes – or even close them slightly.
3. Focus on objects or the walls at the extreme left and right of you, without moving your eyes.
4. Maintain this attention to your peripheral vision for as long as you feel necessary, but at least 30 seconds.

Going Peripheral can aid you in restoring control to your body and mind if you feel over-excited, nervous or anxious in performing and non-performing situations alike.

This technique has its strongest effect when incorporating the standing posture explained in the first 4 steps of the Qi Gong Basic Horse-stance Standing Meditation exercise in Chapter 26 of Performing in The Zone.

Exercise:        The Going Peripheral Experiment

Try Going Peripheral now using the steps given above.

What effects does Going Peripheral have on you?

You may notice that your breathing slows down, and that you begin to relax muscles in the rest of your body.

Before going out on stage in front of that audience, or before presenting your next powepoint presentation, or before giving congratulatory speeches at the upcoming wedding, “Go Peripheral”, and see for yourself how his simple yet powerful technique can help you to speak in The Zone!

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• Trust or faith in a person or thing.
• A feeling of assurance, especially of self-assurance.
• The state or quality of being certain.
• The firm belief in one’s powers, abilities, or capacities.

So, what if you don’t have any confidence?

Can you get it?

Find out!

Here are “5 Tips for Feigning Confidence”, striaght out of the chapter “Feigning Confidence” in “Performing in The Zone.”

Now, just a small aside, these tips could very well be renamed to “5 Tips for Gaining Confidence”.

Try them, and you’ll see what I mean

Tip 1: Posture:
Sit or stand with an erect posture – relaxed, with a straight spine, your chest up and shoulders back. Your head should be directly on top of your spine, effortlessly balanced on a relaxed neck, and not slumped forwards or to one side of you.

Tip 2: Eye contact
Briefly make eye contact with other people or members of your audience if appropriate.  You don’t need to try to stare them down, simply show them that you are an open person, willing to communicate.

Tip 3: Smile
If appropriate in your performance situation, a smile can go a long way to making your audience feel at ease.  Their comfort level is then automatically directed back to you, and can give you a sense of security.

Tip 4: Be playful
Being a little light-hearted or playful in non-performing situations can have the knock-on effect of making any performance situation seem less of a ‘big deal’, helping your confidence.

Tip 5: Remember
Remember who you are and where you come from.  Be proud of your achievements thus far.  Celebrate your uniqueness.  In addition, remember that you have a worth.  You have a value, and in performing you are adding value not only to your own life, but the lives of others.

You can begin practising Feigning Confidence by entering any situation where there are people present that you have previously not met before – social gatherings, cafés, and shops are ideal locations.

Respectful confidence

An important note here.  There is a significant difference between confidence and arrogance.  Be respectful and charming – that’s confidence!

By demonstrating respectful confidence, feigned or not, you communicate to others that you have a high personal self-esteem, self-worth, and value.  Other people, whether they be audience members or locals at a bar or nightclub, automatically sense this.  Knowing that you are viewed as having a high value can reinforce your confidence.  In this way, it doesn’t matter if your original confidence was feigned or not, as within a short space of time, you will be experiencing real confidence!

Whether you are entering a performance or non-performance situation, remember that if you are not feeling confident, all you have to do to achieve confidence is pretend!

Here are just some of them for you to have a look at

Definitely worth a read!

The Unbearable Lightness of Being

The inner voice – friend or foe?

While practicing music, I mentally take note of areas that sound good, passages that sound OK, and passages that need more work.

I try my best to be non-judgmental in this process as I am aware that excessive negativity can destroy; negative labels can impede my progress with mental blocks and psychological hang-ups. Studies show that there is a direct mind/body connection between what a person thinks and feels with how a person performs. The field of sports psychology, in fact, is entirely devoted to exploring and capitalizing on this connection to maximize an athlete’s performance.

Mental blocks of one variety or another can appear when least expected. Besides the occasional paranoia about my chops, the second biggest mental hurdle for me is remaining non-judgmental of musical passages or techniques that are “in the works.” This holds especially true when I am working out a passage for an event where I will be judged: a recital, a jury exam or an orchestral audition. Staying positive and constructive in this scenario can sometimes be a challenge for me – especially if the outside world creeps in.

Body Language and the Inner Voice

As a teacher, it is possible to almost read a student’s mind through observing their body movements while playing – their body language. A teacher may catch subtle, quirky movements that might indicate something is going on inside the student’s head. For example, I had one student that whenever she felt uncomfortable about something she was playing, she would twist her foot sideways. Another student would furrow his brow. Another would fall back in his seat after missing a note or two in succession.

When I ask them, “what was going on in your mind while you were playing that passage?” many respond that an inner conversation of some kind was going on in their heads. Something like:

“Here comes that hard part that I always mess up.”

“I hope I play this well.”

“Oh my – crash and burn – that was terrible! I better play the next part even better to make up for that.”

“!@$$# – I missed that too! That was awful. I really suck.”

“I’ll never get this right. I might as well give up.”

“If this keeps up, I will never succeed in music.”

For this reason, I like to practice in front of a mirror on a regular basis. Besides looking for a correct embouchure and good posture, I am also looking for subtle body language clues that might indicate an over-active mind.

Above and beyond this, when looking into the mirror I try to reflect an image of a musician who is poised, relaxed, strong and confident. In time, this reflection translates into reality.

I also like to use a recording device and record myself often. I recommend listening to the recordings a later time, as recording and immediate listening can encourage and feed the inner critic. By listening to recordings at a later time, I am able to separate myself from the horn and more objectively assume the role as a self-teacher, finding little things here and there that need extra attention.

“Brain Roof Chatter”

When asked to verbalize their inner critics out loud, most students do not even realize how harsh they are on themselves. So, this seems to be the first step in becoming more mentally self-aware while practicing or performing – realize, hear and listen to your inner voice. What is it saying to you? Why is it saying these things to you? Are these comments based in reality or are they hyper-exaggerated?

In the book, “Brass Wind Artistry: Master Your Mind, Master Your Instrument,” Paul Severson uses the term “brain roof chatter” for this phenomena. An overactive brain that “chatters” with extra conversations can not only impair the “ideal performance state” but it can also (over time) affect a player’s attitude towards music and other musicians.

Severson suggests a simple technique that I have adapted and modified. I call it the “stop” technique.

The Stop Technique

In performance, the mind should be “nowhere in particular,” as an ancient Takuan proverb advises. The trick is to catch that inner critic whenever it starts chattering and to “let go” of any anger, doubt, fear or frustration. Sometimes, this in itself can be a challenge: external circumstances might blind or delude a player as to what is really going on.

For this reason, I insist on a quiet practice space without distraction or interruption. I view my practice room as a sacred, revered space, similar to a dojo in martial arts training.

Years ago however, I had developed a bad habit of practicing my daily routine while watching television or reading online news. This method, I finally realized, diluted the efficiency of my practicing and blinded me to what was going on inside my head. When I stopped practicing in this manner, I noticed a substantial difference in my overall playing and attitude.

Other distractions might include: a loud, ticking clock, a buzzing light, a friend who steps into your practice room to socialize, bad room acoustics, or even traffic noise.

Less obvious are mental distractions – they can be difficult to catch. Preoccupations – worrying about bills, a girlfriend or boyfriend, or other life challenges – can be hard to shake off sometimes.

Whenever I catch myself mentally drifting or over-criticizing myself, I immediately stop playing, put the horn down and say the word “STOP” out loud. Sometimes I even visualize a large, red stop sign in my mind. This exclamation is made without judgment or emotion; it is merely a verbal tool to get my mind back on track. If in a practice session, I catch myself drifting more than 4 or 5 times in a row, I put the horn down for about 20 minutes and do something else for a while.

Why? Every human has a daily cycle of circadian rhythms (biological highs and lows that rise and fall throughout the day) and if I am in a moment of low mental energy, my time might be better suited doing something else other than music. Circadian rhythms tend to cycle every 20 minutes, so after that amount of time has passed, I pick up the horn and try again. Usually, the next practice session goes much better.

Focus on what you do well

The legendary martial artist and movie star Bruce Lee is a perfect example of how a mental giant can overcome physical shortcomings. I was a small kid and because Bruce Lee was a small guy that kicked butt (and we shared the same first name), he was my absolute hero. In one of my favorite books, “Zen in the Martial Arts,” the author relates a conversation with Bruce Lee on the topic of limitations. The author laments that he can’t kick over his head and how he was not as flexible at age 45 as he was at age 21. Lee responds:

“You will never learn anything new unless you are ready to accept yourself with your limitations. …You must accept the fact that you are capable in some directions and limited in others, and you must develop your capabilities. …I became a martial artist in spite of my limitations.”

To me this quote was a little surprising as Bruce Lee revolutionized martial arts with his stunning technique and artistry. Lee continues to relate that his right leg is actually one inch shorter than his left leg. He found that because of this he had a certain advantage with certain types of kicks, since the uneven stance gave him greater impetus. Lee was also limited in his height, he wore contact lenses, and had difficulty with the English language.

“I accepted my limitations for what they were and capitalized on them…Instead of trying to do everything well, do those things perfectly of which you are capable…The past is an illusion. You must learn to live in the present and accept yourself for what you are now. What you lack in flexibility you must make up with knowledge and constant practice.”

Focus on what you do well  – this will help to keep your mind in the present and will keep the negative chatter under control. As Lee points out, the past is an illusion and thinking about past mistakes or triumphs pulls your mind out of the present and invites the judgmental critic into your thoughts.

This does not mean that you do not need to practice your weak areas. It means that as our strengths are discovered and improved, they come to outweigh our weaknesses.

Focus on what you do well and in time and with practice, your capabilities will exceed your limitations.

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Welcome!

“Just another day at the office…” was originally written for classical musicians as an aid in preparing for auditions and other solo performances. However, the information in this eBook can be applied to anyone in a ‘high-pressure’ performance situation!

Introduction

Throughout the course of your performing life, opportunities to audition for jobs or perform in solo recitals don’t usually come along too often. If you’re an active job-seeker, you may have the chance to attend four or five auditions per year.  As a student, you might perform one or two sixty-minute solo recitals per year.  And as a full-time professional orchestral musician or choral singer, solo performances may be very few and far between indeed.

Auditions and other solo performances are ‘under the spotlight’ events, and are often experienced by many performers with high levels of performance arousal.

“Performance arousal?  What’s that?”

You’ve no doubt heard of or even experienced feelings of anxiety before and at times during performances.  This anxiety, or performance anxiety as it is commonly referred to, is the negative form of performance arousal. Performance anxiety can affect you negatively in performing situations.

Excitement on the other hand, or the feeling of looking forward to a performance, is the positive form of performance arousal, and can have a positive effect on your ability to perform.

But this is only true if the level of excitement you experience is appropriate for your particular performing situation.

In other words if the level of excitement you experience is inappropriate (i.e. too much or too little) for your performing situation, then this excitement will have a negative effect on your ability to perform.

So in short, the term “performance arousal” describes the excitement or anxiety you may feel before and at times during performances.

Performance arousal can be particularly strong in ‘under the spotlight’ events, or other performing situations that you perceive as ‘high-pressure’.

“Ok.  So how much positive performance arousal (excitement) do I need to get the best results?”

As a classical musician or singer performing in a recital or audition situation, high levels of excitement may make you feel like you are out of control.  Likewise, performance anxiety can also make you feel out of control, and in addition may be accompanied by unpleasant physical sensations such as muscular tension, hyperventilation, sweaty palms, nausea, and so on.

So, in traditional recital or audition situations, a moderately low level of positive performance arousal (excitement) will in most cases allow you to achieve your best possible results.

“That sounds like it should work in theory.  But how do I actually make it happen?”

In this eBook you’ll be shown the simple yet powerful technique of Intense Positive Visualisation (fully explained in “Performing in The Zone”).

This technique has been specifically designed to help you obtain an ideal state of mind for your performing situations, regardless of your field of performance.

Using Intense Positive Visualisation, you can achieve better results in auditions, and see how other ‘high-pressure’ performance situations may be perceived as easy, comfortable, and dare I say, even a joy to experience!

Familiarity

To begin with, let’s take a situation quite apart from a musical one.  Let’s imagine for a minute that you are an office worker beginning your first day at a new job.

As with a recital or audition, this is a situation that can put you in the stressful position of not knowing exactly what will happen throughout the course of the experience.  You might have a certain amount of information, but there are still many variables and details that are either unfamiliar, or completely unknown.  You are also quite naturally aware that the outcome of the actual event is significant, especially given the importance placed on first impressions.

What are some of the physical and mental responses that you might experience before and/or during your ‘ever-important’ first day at the office?  Perhaps you might have sweaty palms, shallow breathing, a churning stomach, or possibly mixed feelings of excitement and anxiety.

However, after experiencing your new environment for a few days, you begin to perceive being at the office as no big deal.  When this happens, the heightened excitement or anxiety (performance arousal) you experienced on your first day starts to disappear.

Now, compare the number of times you’ve heard of the phrase

“I’m starting my new job today.  Wish me luck!” with the phrase

“It’s my 30th day at the office today.  Wish me luck!” and not to mention

“It’s my 2,623rd day at the office today.  Wish me luck!”

It starts to sound ridiculous, doesn’t it?

So therefore, and this really is the crux of the matter, what is the difference between the ever so slightly ridiculous sounding 2,623rd day at the office and the 1st day at the office?

The answer is familiarity!

And it is a special sort of familiarity that helps us feel at ease, calm, confident and in control.

This sort of familiarity can be referred to as positive conditioning.

Riding the Roller Coaster

To explain positive conditioning in plain English, picture this…

You are at a theme park and are very nervous or anxious about riding that big, scary roller coaster for the first time.  Even thinking about taking the plunge starts you off on a serious emotional roller coaster!

“Should I?  Shouldn’t I?  I don’t really want to after all.  But I do want to try it, and all my friends are doing it.  I can do it.  I can’t do it.  It might be fun!?  But what happens if we crash?  Maybe I should have just stayed in bed this morning!”

Eventually you decide to board the roller coaster, and experience the ride.

Riding the roller coaster turns out to be a positive experience – you survived and even enjoyed it in some weird way!  This makes your brain suddenly say “Hey!  That wasn’t so bad after all!”

The next time you think about riding the roller coaster, you are perhaps only a little nervous or anxious.  You make the decision to ride the roller coaster again, and again it turns out to be a positive experience – you even had your eyes open this time!

Your brain now says to you “Hey!  That was actually kinda fun!  I wanna do it again!”

And so the next time you think about riding the roller coaster, you are looking forward to it, because you know it will be a fun, enjoyable experience!

This is basically how positive conditioning works.

However, what if your experiences are negative?

For example, what happens if the first time you ride the roller coaster you get stuck at the top of the ride and are forced to dangle upside-down for 6 hours because of a technical problem?

If this happens, your brain is probably going to say to you the next time you think about riding a roller coaster, “Oi!  Remember that last roller coaster experience??  It was horrible!  I don’t ever want to go through that again – get me outta here!”

This is negative conditioning in action.

“The Routine” – Part 1

So, how do we ensure your brain tells you that auditions, recitals, and other ‘high-pressure’ performing situations are easy and fun?

How do you achieve positive conditioning when you only get one shot at something???

We’ll answer these questions very soon!  But for now, it’s back to the office!

After 30 days at the office, you know the routine…

• Wake up with the alarm clock, hit the ‘snooze’ button, and sleep for an extra 10 minutes
• Get out of bed when the alarm rings for the second time
• Eat breakfast
• Have a shower and get dressed
• Brush teeth
• Shoes on
• Leave the house after locking the door
• Walk to the bus stop.  Aim to arrive there in time to get on the number 85 bus that you know always leaves 2 or 3 minutes earlier than it’s supposed to
• Board the bus
• Get off the bus at the appropriate stop
• Walk up to the building and in through the main entrance

“The Routine” – Part 2 A

• Greet the receptionist
• Sign in
• Walk up the stairs, bidding a fellow colleague a good day on the way
• Greet the other office workers as you pass them on your way to your desk
• Arrive at your desk, sit down, and start the day’s work
• Lunch break for 45 minutes
• Work through to the late afternoon
• When it’s time to leave, walk back down the stairs, out of the office, and out of the building

All of these small but necessary actions are completed each day as part of your routine.

Thinking back to your first day at the office, you didn’t have this routine – your first day was completely unfamiliar!

This is the reason why you may have been feeling anxious or even over-excited (high performance arousal level), and the reason why you asked your partner, flatmate, friends, or family to “wish you luck.”

Now, if it feels like we have wandered from the path of an ‘under the spotlight’ performance situation, read the bullet points in “The Routine” – Part 1 again, and then skip directly to “The Routine” – Part 2 B below.

“The Routine” – Part 2 B

• Walk around to the stage door of the venue
• Greet the receptionist at the desk
• Sign in
• Walk up the stairs and along the corridor to warm-up room marked ‘Soloist 1’
• Take out your instrument, and begin your warm-up routine
• After some time, your accompanist enters the warm-up room
• With 15 minutes until your audition is scheduled to start, you rehearse entries and certain problem passages
• The stage manager knocks on the door, and asks if you are both ready
• You follow the stage manager to the wings in the off-stage area
• You walk confidently on stage, with your accompanist following closely behind
• You acknowledge the audition jury
• You begin the audition calmly, and confidently
• The performance begins, and continues in the most musical way you can possibly imagine
• You finish the last audition piece, acknowledge the jury, and finally walk off stage

So, if you’re a performer, and get the chance to be ‘at the office’ for 30 days (performing in recitals or auditions every day for 30 days) you can get to know the routine, and become quite comfortable and familiar with it.

But wait a second!

You might be thinking:

“Ok, but the office worker has the opportunity to learn the routine and get familiar with it as they are in reality at the office every weekday.  I’m not doing a recital or audition everyday.  I only get one shot at this!”

What?!?

You’re right!  You’re not performing in a recital or audition everyday…but you should be!

“What?!?  Auditions and recitals don’t come along everyday!”

In reality, no they don’t!  But in your mind, you can perform auditions and recitals as often as you wish!

“What do you mean?!?  How does this work?!?”

By using specially designed visualisation techniques, you can use your mind to rehearse any ‘one-shot’ performance as many times as you wish!

Therefore, you can become familiar with your ‘one-shot’ performing situation, well before it even happens!

So, if you practise visualisation techniques, when you walk into your performing situation in reality, you’re just like the office worker going to work on their 30^th or even 2,623^rd day at the office!

In other words, you can feel, calm, confident, and in control in any performance situation!

The Proof

“But wait just another second!

Surely there is a vast difference between experiencing an event in reality and experiencing the same event in your imagination?

After all, the office worker actually is at the office every day, and if I use visualisation, I’m only going to imagine myself being at ‘the office’.

Can this really be the same thing?”

The short answer to this question is YES!

According to many studies on visualisation in the field of sports psychology, the subconscious mind doesn’t know the difference between actually experiencing an event, and simply imagining an event in vivid detail!

Look at this example:

One study on visualisation in sports psychology involved the members of three basketball teams of approximately equal skill level, practising shooting ‘3-pointers’, for a period of 30 days

One of the teams practised neither physically on the court, nor in their minds during the duration of the study.  Their improvement at the end of the study was not surprisingly 0%.

Another team practised physically – that is, on the basketball court – for a period of one hour each day.  After 30 days, their improvement was measured at 24%.

The third team did not practise physically at all but was told to mentally visualise the game for one hour each day.  At the end of the thirty day period, their improvement was a remarkable 23%.

What was the reason for this?

The sports scientists concluded that the subconscious mind cannot differentiate between what is real and what is imagined.

Therefore, since the subconscious mind has a large influence on how you perform, positively conditioning your subconscious mind using Intense Positive Visualisation can have a huge effect on your success as a performer!

Find out how to practise Intense Positive Visualisation in the next chapter!

Intense Positive Visualisation

Visualisation techniques can help you positively condition yourself to achieve an ideal state of mind, helping you to gain optimal results in your performing situations.

In short, when visualising, you train your mind by entering a relaxed state and imagining the exact results you would like to achieve.

By regularly practising visualisation techniques, you can condition yourself for success!

In the book Performing in The Zone, three different types of visualisation techniques are explained:

• Snap Shot
• Intense Positive Visualisation
• The 5 Sense Visualisation Method

Here in “Just Another Day at the Office…” you’re going to see exactly how the simple yet powerful technique of Intense Positive Visualisation can help you in your performing situations!

…Well, that’s enough of a teaser for now   Click here to download the entire eBook!

MUSICAL VISION

Suggestions to Students of The Alexander Technique for Dealing with Stress and Enhancing Expressiveness in Musical Performance

By Joe Armstrong
Boston, 2005

INTRODUCTION

Thirty years ago, when I wrote my master’s thesis[1] examining how the Alexander Technique can help musicians deal with stress in performing, I realized my research and writing on the subject couldn’t be more than a sketch of the widespread problem and its solution from Alexander’s psychophysical point of view, only examining the Technique as a very general resource and paving the way for doing more elaborate study and research in the future.  As expected, the experimental study of a college piano repertoire class supported the idea that you could use the Technique to stay more integrated and more in control when you perform, thereby giving yourself fullest access to whatever degree of musicianship and musicality you might possess—no small achievement to anyone who suffers from nervousness or stage fright.  So the window onto the inner life of musicians was opened a little more than it had been previously—but not much.

All my years since then of specializing in teaching the Alexander Technique to student and professional musicians have continued to confirm to me its value in dealing with “nerves” and in promoting superlative control.  But this teaching experience, along with my own evolving use of the Technique as a flutist to maintain a performing standard that’s ever more whole, alive, and fully communicative, made me want to go on seeing if I could probe deeper into the barriers to fullest music making.  In my searching I’ve come up with some ideas and observations that I hope can be useful to those of you who are working at incorporating Alexander’s discoveries into your playing, and I’d like to tell you about them here.  As I do this, I’ll also include some writings and reflections on the subject that I’ve collected over the years, which I hope will enhance crucial points in the main text.  I’ve put an “N” in the main text to refer to these selections that are placed at the end of each section.  (The bracketed numbers are links to source notes listed at the very end of the article.)

I. THE DILEMMA

Whenever the musicians I teach tell me about their experiences of performance anxiety, what they say usually reveals that they fall into a particular type of thinking around playing a concert that sets them up for being nervous.  This kind of thinking clearly distracts them from what I’ve come to believe needs to be a performer’s most important focus in presenting a piece of music to its listeners—especially including the performer as one of its most important listeners.  I often get the strong impression that during these times of nervousness they are preoccupied with everything but what the piece they’re playing might be conveying as a work of art.  Or, even if they do focus some on what the piece might be expressing, other inner reckonings crowd that focus so far into the background that it really doesn’t have much chance to influence their actual playing from moment to moment in any very substantial way.  I suspect that they’re dominated by these other subjects not just while they’re practicing and performing a piece, but even when they’re running through it in their imagination—a time that I think may be far more crucial than many performers realize.

What they seem to get distracted by the most is their concern with the technical side of executing the music, ranging anywhere from “just getting all the notes” and “making a good sound” all the way to “bringing off a passage ‘brilliantly.’”  Then, from there, worrying about how they might be evaluated as players by their listeners—somewhere along a scale from “poor” to “genius”—seems to follow directly.  Sooner or later, all these issues usually get tangled up with the players’ feelings about their worth as human beings and about how well they might be liked or admired for their performing ability by friends, family, colleagues, or the public in general. It’s so easy then for many musicians to feel that any performance they give that’s less than excellent technically also makes them something of a social failure. (N1)

N1. Recently, pianist Joyce Hatto expressed well the attitude I hope to foster here.  Due to a long battle with cancer, she hasn’t performed in public for 25 years, but she has made many recordings through her husband, William Barrington-Coupe’s recording company in Cambridge, England.  In a telephone interview by Boston Globe senior music critic, Richard Dyer, with Hatto and her husband, she said, “What it really takes to be a pianist is courage, character, and the capacity to work.  Shakespeare understood the entire human condition and so did the great composers.  As interpreters, we are not important; we are just vehicles.  When somebody says, ‘What a marvelous piece,’ that’s the thing, the true compliment.  Our job is to communicate the spiritual content of life as it is presented in the music.  Nothing belongs to us; all you can do is pass it along.  That’s the way it is.”  After Hatto left the room, her husband said to Dyer, “She doesn’t’ want to play in public because she never knows when the pain will start, or when it will stop, and she refuses to take drugs.  Nothing has stopped her, and I believe the illness has added a third dimension to her playing; she gets at what is inside the music, what lies behind it.”  Boston Sunday Globe, “After recording 119 CDs, a hidden jewel comes to light.”  August, 21, 2005.

[Note, 2009: After Joyce Hatto's death, her husband was exposed as having edited recordings of other famous players to be distributed under her name; however, I'm not sure that this necessarily invalidates what she says here in the interview. JA.]

II. TECHNOLOGY AND TRAINING

Modern recording practices add to the problem by the kind of technically flawless rendition of a piece they can manufacture from the “best,” or most exact segments, of as many repetitions of it as they wish.  More and more, the public at a concert expects to hear this superhuman kind of playing, which is virtually impossible to duplicate in a single, non-stop performance of a piece without compromising the freedom that needs to be at the heart of any fully spontaneous and expressive rendering. (N1) Many music schools add to the pressure to achieve such an expressively disconnected ideal of technical “perfection” by gearing their training to meet this commercially engineered standard. (N2)

And then, performers can also be steered away from music’s essential nature as an art form by the required study of theory, form, analysis, etc., if this academic work isn’t kept in proper perspective.  Many people seem to forget that these subjects are only the equivalent for the composer of what the study of rhetoric is to the poet or novelist, or color theory to the painter.  It’s important to remember that knowing the elements of the craft of composing or the details of a composer’s life and times aren’t really necessary for either performer or listener to immediately and successfully grasp the essence of a piece of music as a work of art. (I’ll say more about this later.)  And finding out how to keep this academic knowledge at the service of the fullest expression of a piece often needs to become a much greater concern for performers and music educators than it is.  As far as I can tell, few music school curricula are set up to foster a conscious fusing of all the elements they teach with an understanding of the main function of music as an art form, and students are very lucky if they have private teachers, coaches, and conductors who can help them do this in actual performance.  Generally, the attitude of most music school faculties seems to be: you either have enough discipline and “talent” or “innate musicality” to balance out the effect of your theoretical studies on your performing, or you don’t.  But I hope the day will come when the most valued course in conservatories will be on musicality itself—and on exploring and developing what musicality might mean in terms of the kind of psycho-physical freedom that allows us to experience pulse and melodic flow in a way that’s linked with and directed by the fullest imaginative involvement.

Of course, the Alexander Technique can play a very valuable part in gaining this psycho-physical freedom, but Alexander teacher training, in general, has a long way to go before it fully prepares teachers to help connect students’ understanding of their use of themselves as a whole to the basic elements of musicality—whatever they may be. (N3)

N1. Now that many older recordings of great live performances are being reissued, you don’t have to look far to find examples of a life and vibrancy, albeit “imperfect,” that is rarely found in the more recent recordings of the same works.

N2. Jennifer Homans illustrates well the effects of a competitive, perfectionist attitude on dance in a recent review (The New Republic, Feb. 18, 2002).  “The ballet dancers of today are amazing.  They can turn, jump, and lift their legs higher, better, farther, faster . . . with dizzying displays of technical prowess.  [In the recent American Ballet Theatre season] the performers were energetic, technically impeccable, and eager to please.  The audience cheered them on and shouted bravos.  But all of this effort only made the truth more glaring: we were wowed, but rarely moved; impressed, but almost never inspired.  Where was the edge, the exhilaration, the sense of having been part of something larger than a masterful pirouette?  Has ballet been reduced to a series of athletic moves, a gymnastics of turns, jumps and splits—and are audiences content to be cheerleaders?  Are we so seduced by pyrotechnics that we have forgotten that ballet might also offer something more complex and daring? . . . In the course of the past twenty years, we have watched dancers retreat into tight technical perfection, petrified beauty, and contrived imitations of past glories.  We have seen a vibrant, complicated, and playful art form lose its inner life and settle into a glamorous complacency.”  While Homans feels some of the newer male dancers hold promise, she mainly focuses on the plight of the women:  “Will there ever be great classical ballerinas again?  Perhaps not.  To become such a ballerina these days a woman would need more than mere talent: she would need the courage to throw the weight of her career against an entrenched cultural preference for slick perfection and packaging.  Given the number of flawlessly trained ballerinas in the pipeline, it is hard to imagine a dancer having such audacity.  Judging from the women rewarded by ABT’s directors, there is little incentive to be different.  If a young dancer took a risk and failed, a more reliable substitute would always be waiting in the wings . . . .  If they stick to the barren path of perfection, classical ballet may perish.  But if they have the courage to establish a complex physical and theatrical agenda, great things may still await us.”

N3. ‘JUST PLAY NATURALLY’ (Duende Editions, Boston, 2002), a book I co-wrote with my cellist/Alexander teacher colleague, Vivien Mackie, on her 3-year study with Pablo Casals and its resonance with her experience teaching the Alexander Technique to professional musicians goes a long way toward establishing guidelines for Alexander teachers and students alike in making this connection.

III. THE PUBLIC

Audiences can also add to the degree of stress felt by performers because advertising and the media often cultivate a very misdirected attitude in them as listeners.  The strong emphasis of the “star system” on performers’ virtuosity, their personalities, and their instruments easily seduces many listeners away from paying attention to the artistic essence of the pieces musicians play—particularly if the flashy elements of a piece are more entertaining than the essential life-experience embodied in it. (N1)

Corporate marketing—better known in this case as “the music business”—fosters the same kind of focus on famous classical musicans that’s given to popular musicians, film, TV, and sports stars.  In fact, I often feel that the highly competitive attitude that’s encouraged from a very early age by American sports influences our approach to the performing arts here in a very powerful (though largely subconscious) way, right from earliest music lessons on through to the highest professional levels.  Performing well is often more a matter of “winning” by playing perfectly or brilliantly than of being the successful messenger, the communicator, of each piece we play. (N2) Then our traditional concert and recital formats also add to the publics’ focus on performers simply because most programs are usually made up of a number of different works, mainly for the sake of taking up enough time to make it worth the audiences’ effort to come. (N3)

N1. In December, 2001, PBS broadcast a program on famous violinists (December 2, 2001) which focused almost entirely on the abilities of the performers.  One of the most extreme examples came in some footage of Jascha Heifetz from the 1950s.  The segment opens showing Heifetz playing the Wieniawski polonaise in D in an auditorium on a college campus.  After a little while one of the students in the audience jumps up from his seat, runs outside, and shouts to classmates passing by, “Heifetz is giving a free concert!  Hey guys!  Heifetz is giving a free concert!”  The students rush into the auditorium, and then the camera shifts back to Heifetz playing—brilliantly and impeccably, of course.  Even astonishingly so.  Viewers could hardly help but focus much more on his virtuosity than on what the polonaise might have to offer as a work of art in and of itself.  It made me wish that the student—if the film had to show someone interrupting the performance of the piece at all—had at least called out, “Heifetz is playing the Wieniawski polonaise!” or, even better, “There’s a free performance of the Wieniawski polonaise!”  Frank R. Wilson, in his book The Hand, suggests that this emphasis on the performer might have started with Franz Liszt, when he was said to have proclaimed, “‘Le Concert, c’est moi!’—I am the concert!”  (Pantheon Books, New York, 1998, p. 214.)

N2. Sometimes the greatest musical communicators, because they are often also very unassuming as people, go largely unrecognized by the general public and even by many professional musicians.  For example, about fifteen years ago the ninety-seven-year-old pianist Mieczyslaw Horszowski gave a recital at the Longy School of Music in Cambridge, Mass.  I knew of him chiefly from his wonderful recordings with Pablo Casals, but many of the professional musicians—even the pianists—around Boston had never heard of him since he hadn’t concertized for many years.  However, the week before his concert there was an announcement in the newspaper that gave a glowing account of his early career, so practically every pianist in the area turned out to hear him.  But I’ll never forget the astonishment I saw on many of their faces as I looked around the hall after the recital.  His playing was without a single excessive gesture or mannerism, and he let the music pass through him so completely that you were hardly aware of him as a person sitting there playing.  The next year, the last before he died, he was, of course, brought back with great fanfare to a larger hall that would accommodate the much bigger crowd who came to hear him.  There’s obviously a hunger for this deeper and more total kind of music-making, but it’s so rarely heard that whole generations can grow up never experiencing it.

N3. Why not give two performances of a great work on one program—say, in a Beethoven quartet series-instead of coupling it with other works of lesser or equal greatness?  I certainly would have no objection to hearing each quartet played twice in a row, and then carrying it home with me as my sole musical experience that day, rather than being overloaded with another great work that deserves its own special attention and reflection—especially if each performance has great freshness and depth.

IV. INSTRUMENTS

Some performers can even get distracted by their preoccupation with their instrument’s construction, history, and value, particularly if they’re playing a very expensive one of exquisite design crafted by a famous maker.  Pablo Casals describes the problem well in Conversations with Casals [2] when J. Ma. Corredor asks him:

How is it that you never played on a Stradivarius?

Casals replies:

I have never been tempted by a Stradivarius.  These superb instruments have too much personality in my opinion; if I play on one, I cannot forget that I have a Stradivarius in my hands, and it disturbs me considerably.  I aid to a friend one day, talking of these instruments, “Their Majesties mind very much how one plays on them!”

Of course, Alexander lessons often reveal that this “disturbance” takes the form of a subconscious fear of dropping or damaging such an expensive or irreplaceable instrument and evokes a protective “veneer” of tension in us that restrains us (especially in our arms and hands) from the fullest freedom that we need for expressive abandon.

All these elements then, especially when they combine with each other, can set us up big time for diverting ourselves from the focus that, I believe, should be the guiding force of every performance, and to which these other concerns need to be kept as secondary in importance if we want to stay in the best position to ward off nervousness and play with access to fullest musicality.

Thomas Moore captures the essence of the dilemma well:

Anxiety is nothing but fear inspired by an imagined future collapse. It is the failure of trust.[3]

Looking at Moore’s statement from an Alexander point of view, I think that what promotes anxiety and distraction most when we perform is our failing to trust our ability to direct our integration of ourselves as a whole so that every cell of our being can be imbued with the life-experience embodied in each particular piece we play.  But as soon as we start worrying—“an imagined future collapse”—(end-gaining!), or as soon as we get too caught up in focusing on specifics at the expense of our overall integrating, we start to rob our musical vision of its power to illuminate our playing—usually by tightening or stiffening in some way so that the pathways from our imagination to our nerves and muscles are hampered or blocked. (N.1)

N1. Claudia Walker, an American flutist playing in the Orquestra Sinfonica de Galicia in Spain, contrasts American perfectionism with Spanish attitudes about performing: “My flute playing and approach to music have changed by working with Spanish musicians, who are very expressive and are more willing to take performance risks than most Americans.  Their focus is more soloistic, and they find Americans musically boring.  Spaniards enjoy themselves so much in a concert that they play with abandon, while I sometimes play carefully, petrified I will make a mistake.  A flute section colleague said, ‘all you will communicate is fear with that attitude.’  I realize he is correct.  As Americans emphasize technical prowess and discipline they lose sight of the emotional aspects of music . . . .  A Spanish audition is the perfect moment to take musical risks.  I think of it as a performance, not an audition.  Unlike the States with large numbers of people in the first round, fewer people attend Spanish auditions and Spanish committees want to like you.  Freedom from the note-perfect performance requirement is a new and welcome experience.”  (Flute Talk, pp. 27-28, November 2001, Vol. 21, No. 4.)

V. THE GUIDING FORCE

So, to build up our ability to keep all these secondary aspects in their proper place, I think it helps to look closely at what makes up this central organizing power that allows our listeners to enter a piece’s own unique sphere of life-feeling most completely, as distinct from any other facet in the listener’s life that might be happening at that particular moment.  I like to call it our vision of the kind of “time that’s passing” in the music, and of the life-feeling that’s happening within that time.  And I believe that focusing on this vision of the kind of time that’s passing in the piece as each phrase goes by is what must dominate over any thoughts about self, instrument, listeners’ opinions, or the theoretical aspects of the work that might threaten to come forward to rule our attention.   As performers, this also means that we almost need to set our personalities aside, to let them disappear as much as possible, so that a piece can be presented, experienced, contemplated, and understood most fully by its listeners—not only as they actually hear it played, but as they remember and reflect on it afterward.  And, as I implied before, if we aren’t also among the work’s most receptive and appreciative listeners, then we probably aren’t giving its other audience members the best chance to find their own vision of the life-experience embodied in it.

To describe more fully what I mean by “our vision of the kind of time that’s passing in the music,” I’d like to turn to one of my main sources of thought about the nature and functioning of art in general.  It’s Susanne Langer’s great work on the philosophy of aesthetics, where she carefully identifies what she calls the “primary illusion” of each major mode of art (music, painting, sculpture, dance, drama, poetry, the novel, and film) in terms of the main kind of life-experience each one  resembles—time (music), space (painting and drawing), volume (sculpture), power over gravity (dance), comic and tragic rhythms (the novel and drama), memory of events (poetry), and dream (film).  From that very comprehensive vantage point, she goes on to show how works of art (both good and poor) can and do contribute (for better or worse) to the education of our emotions, whether or not we are aware of it happening.

She says:

We can use [the art forms] . . . to imagine feeling and understand its nature. Self-knowledge, insight into all phases of life and mind, springs from artistic imagination.  That is the cognitive value of the arts.

But their influence on human life goes deeper than the intellectual level. As language actually gives form to our sense-experience, grouping our impressions around those things which have names, and fitting sensations to the qualities that have adjectival names, and so on, the arts we live with—our picture books and stories and the music we hear—actually form our emotive experience. (N1)

A wide neglect of artistic education is a neglect in the education of feeling.  Most people are so imbued with the idea that feeling is a formless total organic excitement in human beings as in animals, that the idea of educating feeling, developing its scope and quality, seems odd to them, if not absurd.  It is really, I think, at the very heart of personal education.

One other function of the arts is the education of vision that we receive in seeing, hearing, reading works of art—the development of the artist’s eye, that assimilates ordinary sights (or sounds, motions, or events) to inward vision, and lends expressiveness and emotional import to the world. Wherever art takes a motif from actuality—a flowering branch, a bit of landscape, a historic event or a personal memory, any model or theme from life—it transforms it into a piece of imagination, and imbues its image with artistic vitality.[4] (N2)

I realize that the phrase “philosophy of aesthetics” might have so much of an intellectual and academic ring for many of you that you could find it hard to imagine that the subject would have much to offer us as performers, but I think some of Langer’s main ideas on the nature of art can be so valuable to our way of thinking about the pieces we play that I’d like to highlight them here briefly.  They’re more accessible to us than other writings on aesthetics because she developed her insights by having many in-depth conversations with all kinds of artists about their own sense of what they do when they create a work; and then she linked up all this “studio talk” with her earlier study of the major philosophical understandings of our basic symbol-making and symbol-perceiving capacities, which appear mainly in the writings of her mentor, Ernst Cassirer.[5] Langer’s first two books, Philosophy in a New Key (1942)[6] and Feeling and Form (1953),[7] as well as her collection of lectures in Problems of Art (1957),[8] set down her ideas about how each work of art is actually a single symbol that functions for us very differently from the way a sign or a symbolism does (such as language when we use it to construct propositions about facts, or mathematics when we construct formulas and equations). Many consider her to be one of America’s most important philosophers. (N3)

As performers, taking a close and serious look at our own individual philosophy of art is something I believe we need to do if we really want to understand how the Alexander Technique can help us in reckoning fully enough with nerves and stage fright to give our listeners the best chance to experience the essence of whatever we play—no matter how virtuosic or frivolous the piece.  If we start with Langer’s overview of the role of the arts in society, as well as her specific understandings of the main function of each art form—even if we don’t agree with everything she says—I think it can be enormously valuable in aligning our priorities in performing with ever greater conviction and clarity.  Here’s one of her most succinct statements about works of art:

The relevant facts are

(1) that a picture, a statue, a building, a poem or novel or play, or a musical composition, is a single symbol of complex vital and emotive import;

(2) that there are no conventional meaningful units which compose that symbol, and build up its import stepwise for the percipient;

(3) that artistic perception, therefore, always starts with an intuition of total import, and increases by contemplation as the expressive articulations of the form become apparent;

(4) that the import of an art symbol cannot be paraphrased in discourse.[9]

N1. The somewhat infamous Camille Paglia, in her book Sexual Personae: Art and Decadence from Nefertiti to Emily Dickenson (Yale University Press, New Haven, 1990), does a lot to amplify and extend Langer’s conviction by writing so openly and vividly of her “visions” from encountering not only works of so-called “fine art” but also works from everyday, popular culture like television soap opera, pop and rock music, advertising, etc.

N2. This idea can also be extended into the possibility of one art form being inspired by motifs from another.  A wonderful example of this appears in Joan Acocella’s New Yorker magazine article on the great dancer Suzanne Farrell (‘A Ballerina’s Second Act,” January 6, 2003, pp. 50-51) which tells how she passes on to a young dancer, Susan Jaffe, how she learned from Balanchine.  ‘A constant theme of [Farrell’s] teaching is symbol-making.  Susan Jaffe . . . told me about working with Farrell on the first section of the ballet “Mozartiana” when, as the curtain opens, the lead woman, dressed in black, comes forward in boureé–the sliding-on-point-step–meanwhile raising her arms very slowly.  In learning the ballet, Jaffe was having trouble with the arms, so Farrell . . . told her that Balanchine had taken these arms from a statue of the Virgin Mary in a church [in New York City] a few blocks from where he lived.  Jaffe, who also lived near there, knew the statue, which is actually a rather ordinary marble Madonna, but with lovely arms, which she holds out to us softly, as if she were giving us something nice.  Jaffe said to me later, “In that arm movement you bring your fingers together, and then open your arms.  So this movement opens up into art and history–the neighborhood Balanchine lived in, and what he saw, and the history of the world.”  What Jaffe got from Farrell, it seems, was not so much a description as a suggestion, an idea: of something small, and one’s own, opening out into something great, which then becomes one’s own, too.  With Farrell, Jaffe says, you work “from pictures in your mind, rather than ‘Is this a good fifth position?’”’

N3. Langer’s Philosophy in a New Key has outsold all other titles at Harvard University Press, and her great, final work, the three-volume study, Mind: An Essay on Human Feeling (Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 1967-82), reveal how our symbol-making and symbol-perceiving capacities are what distinguish us most from all other species and can become a basis for reorienting psychology, sociology, anthropology, and the other sciences away from more mechanistic and animal-oriented models for understanding human behavior and feeling.

VI. FOCUS

If we apply these general points about a work of art to our personal relationship to music, I think they can help us in being more openly receptive to the essence of each piece we perform than many of us usually are—not only when we’re actually playing it, but also before we play and even when we’re just listening to it.  By turning Langer’s points into questions we can more actively awaken our receptivity to a work by merely asking ourselves: What life-feeling is the time that’s passing in this piece about? (N1) What life-feeling is the time that’s passing in this movement or phrase about? (N2) Is it an action with a climax as in a drama, or is it more of an extended, steady mood?  What’s the setting?  What’s going on in the setting?  What time of day is it?  Does it involve a landscape that we’re viewing from a distance, or are we right in the midst of it?  Is only one person there, or many, or none?  If there are people there, what are they doing?  What are they feeling?  Are there only animals, birds, or other creatures there?  And even if no specific answers come to us right away (or ever, for that matter), staying available to their appearing at any moment in both playing and listening is still just as important. (N3)

Langer calls the expressive nature of a work its “vital import”:

I call it “vital,” because it is always some mode of feeling, emotion, consciousness, that is conveyed by a successful work of art; “import,” because it is conveyed.  Vital import is the element of felt life objectified in the work, made amenable to our understanding.  In this way, and in no other essential way, a work of art is a symbol.

But vital import, or artistic expressiveness, cannot be pointed out, as the presence of this or that color contrast, balance of shapes, or thematic item may be pointed out by the discerning critic.  You apprehend expressiveness or you do not; it cannot be demonstrated.  One may demonstrate that such-and-such ingredients—chords, words, shapes, or what-not—have gone into the structure of the work; one may even point out pleasant or harsh sensory effects, and anybody may note them.  But no one can show, let alone prove to us, that a certain vision of human feeling (in the widest sense of the word “feeling”) is embodied in the piece.  This sort of feeling, which is not represented, but composed and articulated by the entire apparition, the art symbol, is found there directly, or not at all. That finding of a vital import is what I mean by “artistic perception.”  It is not the same thing as aesthetic sensibility; it is insight. (N4)

Unless they are very abstract or complex, most art forms—poetry, dance, the novel, painting, sculpture, film, and even song and opera—while they may also offer endless possibilities for revelation of experience and understanding—often provide us with fairly direct and immediate answers to the questions of their vital import.  But instrumental music usually requires us to search more actively for insight into the particular life-feeling of each work as we listen to or play it—even if the composer gives us a clue in its title: “Romance,” “Burlesque,”  “Pastorale,” “Allemande,” “Les Adieux,” “Pathétique,” “New World,” etc.  Of course, in the case of so-called “program music,” a written scenario for a piece is already given for us to contemplate; but even then, I don’t see that it should necessarily chain us to an exclusive way of envisioning what might be happening in it.  Why should it mean that we’re experiencing the work less completely if we never read the scenario the composer claimed to use in creating the piece?

Langer uses the tricky word “intuition,” to describe what lets us realize the import of a piece, but her definition steers clear of is signifying anything mystical or requiring “special powers” to make use of:

What I mean by intuition . . . comprises all acts of insight or recognition of formal properties, of relations, of significance, and of abstraction and exemplification.

The act of intuition whereby we recognize the idea of “felt life” embodied in a good work of art is the same sort of insight that makes language more than a stream of little squeaks or an arabesque of serried inkspots.[10]

When helping singers and instrumentalists apply the Alexander Technique to their performing, one of my favorite ways of prompting them to get more in touch with their intuition about a piece—their “musical vision”—is to read them this quote from Coinversations with Casals. Casals’ friend, Corredor, says:

There are some artists who only feel inspired by reading or performing a piece when, at a given time, they recollect a landscape, or remember reading something which has helped them to penetrate the musical sense of the work in question.

Casals answers:

That seems natural to me.  When my pupils play, I sometimes ask them: what do you feel, what do you see?  An artist has imagination and fantasy, and when he gives himself to the music ought to feel and see things, however vague and indefinite the vision.

Then Corredor also goes on to ask:

What about his preoccupation with technical difficulties?

And Casals says:

It all depends on his technical potentialities, and on the work he has done to overcome his difficulties.  In any case, preoccupation with the instrument ought not to interfere with the performance or be noticed by the listener.[11]

I think that Casals’ words “however vague and indefinite the vision” are the most compelling ones here, especially because they leave open the possibility that you might never come to any specific vision about a particular piece.  Yet you can still be open to the overall expressive realm of life-experience involved in it; (N5) and that receptivity, in and of itself can keep you from getting pulled too far into any of the secondary concerns I mentioned earlier that can so easily divide you and provoke nervousness.   Also, Casals’ asking “what do you feel?” clearly shows that “vision” doesn’t necessarily have to mean “visualizing.”  In fact, many people seem to be able to intuit the essence of a piece of music without any imaginary pictures at all. (N6) Of course, if you do choose be open to “seeing or feeling things” in music, you should probably allow for the likelihood that any images or sensations that might come forth will be unique to you and not necessarily ones that can or should be shared with anyone else. (N7) I think it’s also very important to remember that our individual vision of a piece can change, deepen, and grow from performance to performance (or from hearing to hearing) as all our other life-experience deepens and grows.  It seems obvious, too, that the greater the work, the greater its potential for infinite, life-revealing insight—even at the very moment of performing it.

This quote of Casals about “vision” also makes me think of a “60 Minutes” interview of the famous Broadway singer Barbara Cook by Mike Wallace.  It included a clip of her giving a master class for some acting students at Juilliard.  One young man in the clip, Daniel, seemed to be doing quite well as he began singing a song for the class; but Ms Cook soon stopped him and said, “OK. The message [that you’re conveying to your imaginary partner] is more about, ‘I can sing,’ than about what you’re trying to tell her.”

The camera shifts back to the TV studio, and Ms Cook says to Mike Wallace, “Young people who are just starting off somehow need to let you know they know how to sing.  So the message becomes, ‘Look, I can sing.’  And [then I want to say to them]—‘Fine. OK. So you can sing.  What are you going to do with it?’”

Back in the class, Daniel begins the song again: “When you’re in my arms and I feel you so close to me . . .”  Then Ms Cook says to him: “Can we stop, Daniel?  [She pauses.]  Do you know what this song is about?”

Daniel: “How—how [her] being close to me just puts this feeling inside me.”

Ms Cook: “It’s about sex, Daniel.”

Ms Cook, back in the studio, to Mike Wallace: “I do that partially for shock value.”

Daniel: “Whoo!”

Ms Cook: “Think of it, if you can get inside the power of a moment like that, and really be inside of the moment and not worry about what you’re looking like and what you’re sounding like . . . we’ll know something’s going on.  And it’ll be authentic, it’ll be real.”

Daniel starts the song again, but she quickly stops him and says, “You know, I just don’t believe it.  I just don’t believe it.  You know, you—you really don’t have—honest to God, you do not have the life experience to really, really sing this song.  But I think you have enough so that we can get past this singing thing a bit.”  She goes on helping him, almost like a therapist, to reach the deep, genuine feelings behind the lyrics, talking about what the feelings in the song are, coaxing him into a posture that also reflects the life-situation of the song, etc.—all bringing him closer and closer to a vision of the import of the piece.  It’s astounding what a difference all this makes in every aspect of how Daniel sings the rest of the song.  The interview ends with Ms Cook saying to Mike Wallace, “The very place where safety lies for us is the thing that seems most dangerous, and that [performing] is having the courage to let people really, really into what life has done to us.”[12]

N1. Here’s a passage from one of Langer’s chapters on music in Feeling and Form that I’ve used as a basis for these questions: “All music creates an order of virtual time, in which its sonorous forms move in relation to each other—always and only for each other, for nothing else exists there.  Virtual time is as separate from the sequence of actual happenings as virtual space in visual art is separate from actual space.

“Inward tensions and outward changes, heartbeats and clocks, daylight and routines and weariness furnish various incoherent temporal data, which we coordinate for practical purposes by letting the clock predominate.  But music spreads out time for our direct and complete apprehension, by letting our hearing monopolize it—organize, fill, and shape it, all alone.  It creates an image of time measured by the motion of forms that seem to give it substance, yet a substance that consists entirely of sound, so it is transitoriness itself.  Music makes time audible, and its form and continuity sensible.  (Chapter 7, “The Image of Time,” pp. 109-110.)

N2. For example, Carl Czerny said the Adagio of Beethoven’s second Razoumovsky Quartet occurred to him “when contemplating the starry sky and thinking of the music of the spheres.”  (Frida Knight, Beethoven and the Age of Revolution, p. 67, International Publishers, New York, 1973.)

N3. “The vitality and energies of the imagination do not speak at will, they are fountains, not machinery.” D.G. James, “Skepticism and Poetry: An Essay on the Poetic Imagination.” London, Allen & Unwin, 1937.

N4. “Artistic Perception and Natural Light,” pp. 59-60.  I think “aesthetic sensibility” is often mistaken for artistic perception.  Aesthetic sensibility can be nothing more than the thrill of hearing the sound of a symphony orchestra in a great hall (no matter what it might be playing), just walking into a museum and seeing many fine things (including the museum building itself), or being at a theater where great acting is happening even if it’s only a mediocre play.  I remember a colleague telling me that her husband, who was a conductor, once said that he felt most people come to concerts just to bathe in sound, rather than to listen to the music for its vital import.  There’s nothing wrong with this, of course; but it’s too bad that we don’t have more help in our education system with how we can listen more actively and imaginatively.

N5. One remarkable example of musical vision in relation to operatic music happens in a film of a concert performance by Maria Callas of arias from Carmen (Hamburg, 1956).  You see the essence of her vision operating not only in her actual singing, which of course is extraordinary, but also when she’s merely standing and listening to the orchestra while it plays the long introduction made up of various themes from the opera.  Her face and eyes clearly show that she’s envisioning the drama (or at least the setting) just as each theme unfolds.  (You find a stark contrast to this Callas concert in the televised performances of the “three tenors,” especially when they appear side by side and take turns singing sections of the same aria.  When it’s not their turn, they seem to become wholly self-preoccupied, rather than responding to the one singing then.)

N6. I had a very powerful experience that illustrates the existence of musical vision independently from technical and other secondary concerns—even from the exact notes of a piece. When I was working on my master’s degree at Tufts in the early 70’s,  I took some thought-provoking courses in a new approach to music education taught by two visiting professors from the Zurich Conservatory, Paul Knill and Mariagnese Cattaneo.  They began with getting us to learn to improvise by using anything in the classroom that we could make sound with, and then we gradually built up from there to more structured formats that could also include instruments, notation, etc.   But the highlight of my work with them came during an advanced class when Paul Knill wanted to illustrate how we could merge this approach with studying and playing composed, classical music.  He started by asking if there was anyone in the class who had studied piano fairly seriously.  All the students except me were early childhood education majors; however, one woman raised her hand and said that she had studied piano through high school but hadn’t played much at all since she’d been in college.  Paul asked her what music she had studied, and she said she had mostly worked on Mozart and Beethoven sonatas.

Then he asked her if there was a particular Beethoven sonata that she had especially liked to play; and when she said which one it was, he asked if she remembered it well enough to play some of it for the class.  She was sure that she didn’t; and since no one had the music for it there, I assumed he’d just pass on to another idea.  But then he asked her, “Do you think you could come to the piano and just play us something of what this sonata is about?  We understand that you don’t remember the exact notes and rhythms; so we’ll completely understand if you make ‘mistakes.’  It really doesn’t matter if you do, because we just want to get an idea of what this sonata is like.”  She seemed hesitant but agreed to try it anyway, and she began by playing just a few sustained chords, leaving plenty of time around each of them to bring in some strands of melody—obviously not the exact harmonies, notes, or rhythms in the printed score.  Nevertheless, it was still amazingly Beethoven.  You could see that she was letting her general “vision” of the sonata pervade everything she played; and I think that vision of it was there more powerfully in her playing those inexact fragments than it ever would have been if she’d been trying to play the piece accurately from the score.  The rest of the class was obviously very moved by what she’d done, but I was astonished by it—because it went against every ingrained belief I had held from my years of “serious” professional musical training.  The fact that someone could achieve such a full musical communication of a composed classical piece without even playing the “right notes” was a complete revelation, and it suddenly released me from a kind of straightjacket that my thinking and playing had been bound up in for many years, especially because of the ways some of my teachers had demanded that I work on technical accuracy separate from expressiveness and musical vision.  The experience also marked a big turning point in the way I worked on my own playing and also in the way I helped my musician Alexander students liberate themselves from the constraints of excessive technical discipline and the need to be “perfect” each time they play a phrase.

N7. This brings up a point that some psychologists have investigated about the differences between people’s mental modes for processing our experience.  One theory (“neuro-linguistic programming”) believes there are three different modes: visual, verbal, and kinesthetic, and that the predominant mode varies from person to person, with profound effect on our ways of communicating with each other.  If this is true, it could explain a great deal about differences in experiencing and performing music.  For instance, to a visually or kinesthetically dominant person, theoretical knowledge (which is chiefly verbal) might be very disruptive to their flow of attention in listening or playing, while imagery might distract the verbally dominant players from the focus that helps them be most musical.

VII. ALEXANDER AND MUSICAL VISION

Worrisome thinking often lays the groundwork for nervousness way in advance of a performance, sometimes even as soon as you set the date of a concert—especially if you’ve chosen a program that will include pieces you know are difficult for you.  Making this very first scheduling decision can be the “critical moment” (to use Alexander’s term for it) when you need to start seriously applying your skills of inhibiting, directing, and envisioning in relation to any given piece on a program, both in practicing and in thinking about playing it.  Of course, you need to extend these conscious, positive processes all the way up to walking out on stage and on through playing every phrase of a piece; but if you haven’t established and maintained them well from that very earliest moment of committing to the performance date and choosing the program, you run more risk of reverting back to the subconscious habits of self-guidance and self-control that keep you from letting your musical vision reign over all you do on stage.

In fact, as you gain more experience with the Technique you’ll find that your musical vision and your directing and ordering can reinforce each other more and more profoundly all along this route from practicing to full performance.  A logical way to work at it is to first make sure you are lengthening, widening, and “going up” as well as you know how to, and then using that expansive condition as your main pathway to opening yourself to the vital import of a piece. (N1) I think you’ll find, then, that the more you go up and lengthen and widen to open yourself to musical vision, the more you can fuse your imagination with your entire state of being so that it also helps you keep in their proper perspective all the secondary concerns and the worries that otherwise can divide you and foster nervousness and loss of control.  Also, when you’re more fully going up, you can often be much more available to receiving intuitions and insights about a piece’s vital import—even in the midst of an actual performance.  These “revelations” seem to come through much more readily, clearly, and profoundly than when you’re “pulled down” or when you’re more overtly trying to find them. (N2) Helping us to be more fully available to intuition and insight is one of the greatest gifts the Alexander Technique has to offer us as performers and listeners, along with a continual deepening of our life-experience itself from moment to moment—continually enhancing the interplay between art and life, life and art. (N3)

Thomas Moore captures the essence of all this well:

The key to seeing the world’s soul, and in the process wakening in one’s own, is to get over the confusion by which we think fact is real and imagination an illusion.  It is the other way around.  Fact is an illusion, because every fact is part of a story and is riddled with imagination.  Imagination is real because every perception of the world around us is absolutely colored by the narrative or image-filled lens through which we perceive.  We are all poets and artists as we live our daily lives, whether or not we recognize this role and whether or not we believe it.

We can be educated in imagination by the arts, and that is why the arts are primary in any soul-focused education.  In the arts we see the images, the stories and pieces of story that give meaning and value to the most ordinary details of a life.  A still life reveals the soul of a kitchen.  A landscape teaches us that nature has a personality.  A sonata recapitulates the rhythms and moving forms of experience . . . .  The writer sees a flash of sense in reality and with his art keeps that vision at hand . . . . We can always hear further reverberations of significance in everything that happens in all that is.  We can always sound that resonance in the way we shape our lives and do our work.

The pulse of life is as close as our own throbbing veins . . . .[13]

And, along these lines, Susanne Langer should have the last word:

Sign and symbol are knotted together in the production of those fixed realities that we call “facts”. . . .  But between the facts run the threads of unrecorded reality, momentarily recognized, wherever they come to the surface, in our tacit adaptation to signs; and the bright, twisted threads of symbolic envisagement, imagination, thought—memory and reconstructed memory, belief beyond experience, dream, make-believe, hypothesis, philosophy—the whole creative process of ideation, metaphor, and abstraction that makes human life an adventure in understanding.[14]

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N1. Only you can be the judge of how much time and what kind of surroundings you need for brining your use of yourself to this maximum condition of going up; but leaving extra time before you play, just in case you need it, is always a good idea.  Sometimes it’s more a matter of avoiding the activities, people, and ways of thinking that tend to distract you and pull you down.  Sometimes it’s a matter of leaving just a few free minutes to reinforce your direction right before you have to play.  At other times you might need all day to work on yourself to be going up as fully as you can.  Some performers try to schedule an Alexander lesson as close to a performance as possible—even up to half an hour before.  And there are Alexander teachers who occasionally go to concert halls to give musicians Alexander work in the wings or green room just before they go on stage or during intermission.  It can be important to provide for all these alternatives just in case you need them; but I know that if I’ve prepared for a performance adequately, it’s more important on the day of the concert to do everything I can to make sure I’m going up fully than it is to do any more practicing or even any playing through of the piece itself.  The quality of my going up governs the outcome at that point far more than anything else.

N2. In his approach to psychoanalysis, Carl Jung, developed a way of being deliberately open to the working of our internal imagery that he called “active imagination.”  He contrasted this active imagination to our more ordinary day-dreaming and fantasizing, which often lack a sustained focus from moment to moment.  In active imagination you’re encouraged to take a “theme”—say, an element from a powerful dream—and then try to stay with it in a receptive way for at least fifteen to twenty minutes to see what further images, thoughts, and feelings present themselves and develop in relation to it.

N3. J.W.N. Sullivan’s 1927 book Beethoven: His Spiritual Development (Vintage Books Edition, Random House, New York, 1960) can be very helpful in putting us in touch with our musical vision.  You might not agree with all Sullivan says, or divines, about Beethoven’s works, but he nevertheless challenges us to listen more fully for the deepest import of each piece.  The book seems to have become something of a classic, and a number of main bookstores continue to stock it.  Writer, critic, and editor Clifton Fadiman wrote of it: “It is the most interesting book on music that I have ever read, and it is not written for musical experts; rather for people like myself who like to listen to music but can boast no special knowledge of it.  It deals not only with music, on which I do not speak with authority, but with human life in general, about which you and I speak with authority every day of our lives.”

[2] Conversations with Casals, Dutton, New York, 1956, pp. 206-7.

[3] Original Self, p. 13, Harper Collins, New York, 2001.

[4] “Artistic Perception and ‘Natural Light,’” pp. 71-73, Problems of Art, Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, 1957.

[5] Die Philosophie der symbolischen Formen, 3 Vols., Bruno Cassirer, Berlin, 1923, 1924, 1929.

[6] Philosophy in a New Key, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1942.

[7] Feeling and Form, Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, 1953.

[8] Problems of Art,Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, 1957.

[9] “Artistic Perception and Natural Light,” p. 68.  (Emphasis mine, JA)

[10] Ibid., pp. 66-67.

[11] Conversations with Casals, pp. 194-195.

[12] Interview of Barbara Cook by Mike Wallace, “60 Minutes,” December 2, 2001.  (Vol.  XXXIV, No. 12, Burrelle’s Transcripts, Livingston, NJ.)

[13] Original Self, pp. 100-101.

[14] Philosophy in a New Key, p. 281.

MRP: “I was very calm.  I had to concentrate on my gown and my makeup, that it wasn’t too much or too little.  I didn’t think about anything else other than getting ready.”

PH: “And you weren’t nervous or scared?”

MRP: “Not then.  But when there was a knock on my door and the stage manager called in to say, “Get ready.  Five Minutes.”  I was traumatized.  And then I went ballistic.  I bounced off the walls.  I was scared and nervous and my whole body shook.”

PH: “When you came out on stage to sing your first song, were you nervous, scared.  What were your feelings?”

MRP: “Right before I was really nervous, but then once I sang the first note I was fine cause I knew I was prepared and I knew the song and I had been worked hard enough and I had been pushed to the outer limits of society practically by my rehearsals with Dean, my voice teacher.”

PH: “When you finished the first song and you got the applause, were you nervous then or was it gone?”

MRP: “After that you can’t be nervous because there’s so many other things to think about.”

PH: “Like what?”

MRP: “What is the next number.  What am I doing.  What is the staging, if any.  What is any possible thing I decided to change.  Double checking any words I might have forgotten.”

PH: “Aren’t you concerned about what the audience thinks?”

MRP: “You think about the audience but only during the applause.  You can’t think about them during the song because what will happen is that you get out of focus.  You’ve gotta be able to make sure the accompanist is watching and following you right.  You gotta make sure that you’re doing the right motions.  You gotta make sure that you’re not doing anything to distract.  You gotta make sure that everything looks okay.  You gotta make sure that you’re not in the shadow.  You gotta make sure that you’re standing in the right place.  You gotta make sure that the tone quality is correct and you’re not off pitch so you can correct it.  You gotta make sure that your words are on cue.  You gotta make sure that your facial expressions are on cue.  The last thing you have to think about is the audience.”